Raising Chickens

Raising chickens in your backyard has gained popularity in recent years due to the numerous benefits it offers, including access to fresh eggs, a natural source of pest control, and the joy of caring for these interesting creatures. This comprehensive guide will provide you with all the information you need to successfully start raising chickens in your backyard, from choosing the right breed to managing threats.

Some of the benefits of raising backyard chickens include:

  • Fresh, nutritious eggs

  • Natural pest control

  • Composting and fertilizer

  • Educational opportunities for children

  • Animal companionship and entertainment

  • Choosing the Right Breed

When selecting a breed, consider factors such as climate, space, and desired egg production. Some top breed varieties, their egg production volume, and egg colors are:

  • Rhode Island Red: 250-300 eggs/year, brown eggs

  • Leghorn: 280-320 eggs/year, white eggs

  • Plymouth Rock: 200-280 eggs/year, brown eggs

  • Sussex: 250-300 eggs/year, brown eggs

  • Ameraucana: 250-280 eggs/year, blue or green eggs

  • Orpington: 175-200 eggs/year, brown eggs

  • Housing and Space Requirements

A chicken coop provides protection from weather and predators. A general rule of thumb is to provide 4 square feet of coop space per large breed chicken and 2-3 square feet for bantam breeds. Ensure the coop has proper ventilation, roosting bars, and nesting boxes (1 box per 4-5 hens).

The outdoor run should offer at least 10 square feet of space per chicken, with ample shade and cover from predators.

  • Feeding Your Chickens

Chickens require a balanced diet to maintain their health and produce quality eggs. Provide commercial layer feed, containing essential nutrients, protein, and calcium. Supplement their diet with fresh fruits, vegetables, and grains, but avoid feeding them salty, sugary, or processed foods.

Ensure clean water is always available, and use a hanging waterer to keep it free from contamination.

  • Health and Well-being

Monitor your chickens for signs of illness, such as lethargy, loss of appetite, or changes in egg production. Establish a relationship with a local veterinarian familiar with poultry.

Regularly clean the coop and outdoor run to prevent disease and maintain a healthy environment. Practice proper biosecurity measures, such as wearing dedicated footwear and clothing when tending to your chickens.

  • Threats and Predators

Common predators include raccoons, foxes, and birds of prey. Protect your chickens by:

  • Securing the coop with predator-proof locks

  • Burying hardware cloth around the perimeter of the run

  • Installing motion-activated lights

  • Supervising free-range time

  • Legal Considerations and Local Regulations

Before acquiring chickens, research local regulations regarding backyard poultry. Some areas may have restrictions on the number of chickens, rooster ownership, or coop placement.

  • Egg Collection and Storage

Collect eggs daily to ensure their freshness and prevent breakage. Gently wipe off any dirt or debris with a dry cloth, and avoid washing eggs until just before use, as washing can remove the protective bloom that keeps bacteria out.

Store eggs at a consistent temperature, ideally between 45-55°F (7-13°C), in a cool, dark place such as a pantry or refrigerator. Position the eggs with the pointy end down and the broader end up to maintain the quality of the yolk.

  • Molting and Egg Production

Molting is a natural process during which chickens lose and regrow feathers. During this time, egg production may decrease or cease altogether. Provide additional protein, such as mealworms or sunflower seeds, to support feather regrowth and overall health.

  • Handling and Socialization

Chickens have individual personalities and can be quite social. Handle your chickens gently and regularly to encourage trust and bonding. Spend time observing their behaviors and interactions to better understand their needs and preferences.

  • Integrating New Chickens

When introducing new chickens to an existing flock, quarantine the newcomers for at least two weeks to ensure they are healthy and free from disease. After quarantine, gradually integrate the new chickens by providing supervised interactions in a neutral area. This process may take several days to weeks and requires patience and vigilance.

  • Chicken First Aid Kit

Having a well-stocked first aid kit for your chickens can be invaluable in managing minor injuries or health issues. Some essential items include:

  • Vetericyn or similar wound spray

  • Antibiotic ointment

  • Gauze pads and vet wrap

  • Tweezers and scissors

  • Electrolyte supplements

  • Disposable gloves

  • Seasonal Care

Chickens are affected by seasonal changes, and their care should be adjusted accordingly.

  • Winter: Ensure the coop is well-insulated and free of drafts. Provide extra bedding for warmth and consider installing a heated waterer to prevent freezing. Supplement their diet with high-energy treats, such as cracked corn, to help them maintain body heat.

  • Summer: Provide ample shade, ventilation, and fresh water to help chickens stay cool. Offer cooling treats, such as frozen fruits or vegetables. Regularly check for signs of heat stress, like panting or lethargy.

  • Roosters: Pros and Cons

Roosters can be both beneficial and problematic for backyard flocks. Consider the following:

  • Pros: Roosters provide protection for hens, help maintain social order, and are necessary for fertilizing eggs if you plan to hatch chicks.

  • Cons: Roosters can be aggressive, noisy, and may not be allowed in some residential areas.

  • Broody Hens and Hatching Chicks

A broody hen is one that has a strong desire to sit on and hatch eggs. Broodiness is triggered by hormones and can occur in various breeds. If you want to hatch chicks, you can take advantage of a broody hen's instincts.

To encourage successful hatching:

  • Ensure the hen has a comfortable, secluded nesting area.

  • Provide her with fertile eggs (from your own flock if you have a rooster or sourced from a reputable breeder).

  • Allow the broody hen to sit on the eggs for approximately 21 days, during which she will regulate temperature and humidity by instinct.

  • Monitor the hen's health, ensuring she takes breaks to eat, drink, and stretch.

  • Raising Chicks

Once chicks hatch, they require specialized care and attention:

  • Provide a brooder (a warm, enclosed space) with a heat source, such as a heat lamp or a heating plate. Gradually decrease the temperature each week until the chicks are fully feathered and acclimated to outdoor temperatures.

  • Offer chick starter feed, which is specifically formulated to meet the nutritional needs of growing chicks.

  • Provide fresh water in a shallow container to prevent drowning.

  • Introduce chicks to the adult flock gradually and under supervision, ensuring they have a safe space to retreat if needed.

  • Chicken Enrichment and Entertainment

Chickens are curious and intelligent creatures that benefit from environmental enrichment. To keep your chickens engaged and entertained:

  • Hang vegetables, such as cabbage or lettuce, for them to peck at.

  • Create perches, ramps, or ladders for them to explore.

  • Offer dust baths, which help chickens maintain clean feathers and control external parasites.

  • Scatter scratch grains or treats in their run, encouraging natural foraging behaviors.

  • Common Chicken Health Issues

While maintaining a clean environment and providing proper nutrition can prevent many health issues, it's essential to be aware of common ailments affecting backyard chickens:

  • Parasites: Chickens can be affected by internal parasites (worms) or external parasites (mites, lice). Regularly monitor your flock for signs of infestation and consult with a veterinarian for appropriate treatment.

  • Respiratory issues: Respiratory infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungal agents. Symptoms include sneezing, coughing, and discharge from the eyes or nostrils. Seek veterinary advice for diagnosis and treatment.

  • Egg-laying issues: Egg-bound hens, soft-shelled eggs, or prolapses can result from nutritional deficiencies or stress. Consult a veterinarian to address these issues and make necessary adjustments to the hen's diet or environment.

  • Record Keeping and Flock Management

Maintaining records of your flock can help you track egg production, monitor health, and identify patterns or issues that may require attention. Record information such as:

  • Hatch dates and ages of chickens

  • Egg production numbers

  • Health concerns and treatments

  • Feed consumption

  • Seasonal observations

By diligently maintaining records, you can better understand your flock's needs and make informed decisions regarding their care and management.

Armed with this extensive knowledge, you are now well-equipped to embark on the rewarding journey of raising backyard chickens. As you care for your flock, you will undoubtedly gain valuable insights and experiences that will further deepen your understanding of these fascinating creatures.